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good afternoon and welcome to the

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sts-131 international space station

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science and technology briefing

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this is a two-part panel briefing

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starting one o'clock starting one right

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now 110 and the second one will follow

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with a five-minute interval in between

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joining us here today

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is mark iran the assistant associate

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administrator for space station

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clarence sams

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chief scientist

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iss medical project

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dr scott dolshovsky iss investigator

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chairman department of surgery at henry

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ford hospital in detroit

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and

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nubuyashi

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fujimoto jaxa's associate senior

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engineer for human space systems and

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utilization

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we're going to start with some opening

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remarks from our panelists and then take

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questions mark

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thank you john uh we're happy to be here

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with you this morning uh this is a

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continuing

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press conference that we started several

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missions before to help you understand

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the scope and

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the applications of the science program

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that we're going to be pursuing on the

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space station

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i'll meet with you periodically to keep

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you updated on the perspective from

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washington dc as you know

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the iss

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was extended in the president's budget

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which was released back on february 1 so

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we're now 60 days into the process

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of looking at the implications of that

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extension this forum is our opportunity

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to offer you insight into the

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science and technology program as we

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ramp it up

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we're happy to report that just in the

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first 60 days we we are rapidly

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expanding the scope of the science and

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technology that we're going to see on

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the space station over the next decade

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we're positioning this program for a

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decade of productive activity

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we still have to coordinate closely with

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both the white house and the congress in

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the days to come but as we move through

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that coordinating period we'll share

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with you the progress as we go along the

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program is going to be very expansive uh

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i think today what i'd like to help you

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understand is that there's really three

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areas

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that you'll see progress in

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in our future discussions

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first and foremost there are

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international uses of the station those

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are the uses by our partners in canada

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europe japan and russia

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those uses of the station are managed by

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our partners funded and budgeted by our

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partners

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and we collaborate closely with them

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through international forums that have

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already been established then there's of

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course nasa uses of the station those

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are the uses that meet our mission

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requirements

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part of what drove us to build a space

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station and they're largely in the areas

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of biomedical research so that we can

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extend our human crews further and

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farther into space and of course in

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spacecraft technology

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development for next generation systems

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but then there's a third area that you

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haven't heard a lot about in the past

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that i think you'll hear more of in the

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future and that that are u.s national

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uses of of the iss within our us share

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of the resources and accommodations

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on space station

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we've entered into agreements with other

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government agencies uh private firms and

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nonprofit organizations

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to conduct r d in space

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and we expect that those agreements are

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going to be increasing now that the

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space station is being extended beyond

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2015. so we'll share with you the status

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of those partnership agreements

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as we proceed it may sound a little bit

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ambitious but it's important for you to

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recognize that we've got 46

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payload positions on the space station

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uh you know that that is like the

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equivalent of seven or eight space labs

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flying simultaneously

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and continuously throughout the year so

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this is really a tremendous

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jump in capability over our history

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we'll be able to do

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research in a much different way than

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we've done it over the past 25 years

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those 46 positions are divided up about

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halfway between the internal positions

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and the external positions so

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the opportunities are there both for

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science and for technology

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now today's theme is going to be in

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human physiology and the applications of

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that

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but we also want to add this technology

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panel so that we can share our

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enthusiasm for the sabbatier reactor

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that's going up on this flight we're

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making consistent progress

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with our regenerative

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environmental control and life support

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system that's the system that recycles

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our water and oxygen and of course we're

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always looking to minimize the the water

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that we need to take to orbit because of

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the mass penalties associated with it

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but we are making consistent progress

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towards closing the loops in water and

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oxygen and the folks will tell you

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where we are today

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the iss may well be the most advanced

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system in operation for both energy

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efficiency and environmental recycling

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we have to be because we're 350

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kilometers up

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you'll also hear about the new nanoracks

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partnership that we put in place

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what this does is it extends our

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philosophy of standardizing the

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interfaces down into the rack level we

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previously standardized the interfaces

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at the laboratory level

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we've

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standardized the racks themselves so

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that they're interchangeable and now

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we're just moving the next logical step

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into standardizing the interfaces within

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those racks and what it does is it

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enables us to carry on

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a micro scale or a nano sat equivalent

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program uh inside the pressurized volume

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of the station so we're very excited

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about the range of opportunities

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available and we will share with you

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one subset one theme at a time

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so today's theme is human physiology and

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with that let me hand it over to

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clarence thank you mark

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as mark pointed out uh you know we're

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moving into the utilization phase of uh

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the station and uh with that it has an

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enormous amount of assets that are

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contributed by a range of partners um

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it's a very very unique facility and as

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with all unique facilities it also has

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some unique challenges to operate in

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one of the things i wanted to talk to

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you about is if you're a researcher here

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on the ground the first question you

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might ask is well i got my science

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selected

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how do i operate here and how do i

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translate my science from the laboratory

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i'm used to working in here in the

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ground to this unique asset that is on

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board and operating uh in a very unique

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place

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and

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issnp or the international space station

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medical project is a team that whose job

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it is to try and enhance

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and optimize the return of the life

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sciences investigation the human life

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sciences investigations during the life

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of station and so our role is to be a

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bridging interface between the research

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community and the operations community

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of station we're the ones that help

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translate

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investigators experiment from here on

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the ground into operations and flights

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such that we can

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maximize the output for the investigator

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and get the most science within the

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station assets that are available

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you know we serve as the primary point

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of contact for the research teams and

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the types of roles that we serve are to

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do things

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we initially will assess

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assess the experiment that was proposed

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and translate those into implementation

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requirements because at nasa we work off

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implementation requirements and these

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will include facilities hardware how to

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fit it into the timeline and what

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constraints the experiment has on it so

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that what does a crew member have to do

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what does the crew member have to not do

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in order to participate in this

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experiment

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we then work with the pis to develop

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training and procedures for that so the

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crew members can carry this out and then

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ultimately we work with the iss ops

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teams in order to implement

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the experiments on board and these would

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include things of getting the

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appropriate human use committee things

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crew briefings crew training and also

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ongoing supporting of the owen orbit ops

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iss also maintains a human research

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facility on board and so the

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human

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assets on board that are in the u.s

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allocation in iraq's are maintained by

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ssmp that are applied to a lot of the

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human resources

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we also interface with all of our

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partner agencies so that we can broadly

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share our experimental assets across

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experiments from each of the partners so

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there's a lot of sharing that goes on

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board with all the assets of the

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partners and that enhances the ability

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that any individual researcher can have

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one of the interesting things of doing

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this is of course in in in this team we

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end up uh uh pretty much

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interfacing across the board for and

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representing the research teams to the

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international partners our iss our

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station program office

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the crew office to interface with the

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crews and and do their training

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we take information that they are are

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learning and feed that back into the

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request that our agency is making it's a

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very close interaction also with the

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medical operations guys because in the

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human life sciences everything that you

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do from an experiment on the humans

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impacts the guys that are trying to do

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the crew care on the orbit for the crew

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members as well so there's a very

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dynamic back and forth there that feeds

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both the research side and feeds the

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medical operations sites as well

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so just as a quick wrap up here iss mp

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really works with the research and ops

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community to integrate their activity on

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board to enable the research uh to

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happen in the human life sciences on

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station

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research on

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from translating what person is used to

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here on the ground but it's a very

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capable laboratory and has a very unique

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assets

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both these challenges

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allow both science content and the

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challenge of actually operating there

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evolves our tech technology and there's

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benefits to both of them

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dr daltrowski will be talking about an

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area where

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the

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medical diagnostics on board has

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actually turned around and changed the

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applications of some of those

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00:10:32,230 --> 00:10:30,320
technologies routinely here on the

288
00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:32,240
ground and both of those are real

289
00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:34,240
products from the from the program as

290
00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:35,440
you go through

291
00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:37,360
with that i'll pass it on to scott

292
00:10:42,870 --> 00:10:40,320
thanks clarence good afternoon everybody

293
00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:42,880
it might not seem intuitive how

294
00:10:46,949 --> 00:10:44,880
providing care on the international

295
00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:46,959
space station in a remote village in

296
00:10:50,949 --> 00:10:49,440
africa are similar but let me let me

297
00:10:52,870 --> 00:10:50,959
share some of that with you and i'll

298
00:10:54,150 --> 00:10:52,880
have you pull up my first slide if if

299
00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:54,160
you would

300
00:10:58,949 --> 00:10:56,240
let's think about that village in africa

301
00:11:00,949 --> 00:10:58,959
for just a second we have a challenge of

302
00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:00,959
often not having a physician available

303
00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:03,760
we have limitations in equipment

304
00:11:07,509 --> 00:11:06,240
training challenges and certainly cost

305
00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:07,519
things

306
00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:08,959
now take a look at this photo we have

307
00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:10,800
the exact same constraints right there

308
00:11:14,150 --> 00:11:12,000
and i might add that we're going to have

309
00:11:15,829 --> 00:11:14,160
those same constraints in the u.s with

310
00:11:17,750 --> 00:11:15,839
the recent health care bill bill

311
00:11:18,790 --> 00:11:17,760
enactment so we better get used to this

312
00:11:22,150 --> 00:11:18,800
stuff

313
00:11:25,350 --> 00:11:22,160
now my challenge was to how to provide

314
00:11:27,269 --> 00:11:25,360
medical care to non-physician

315
00:11:29,190 --> 00:11:27,279
providers on the international space

316
00:11:30,790 --> 00:11:29,200
station and do it what we with what we

317
00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:30,800
already had on board

318
00:11:34,949 --> 00:11:32,480
so we currently have an ultrasound

319
00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:34,959
machine in the human research facility

320
00:11:38,790 --> 00:11:37,120
on on station

321
00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:38,800
many of you know that ultrasound is used

322
00:11:43,590 --> 00:11:41,200
when you have a child to diagnose the

323
00:11:45,670 --> 00:11:43,600
sex of that child or an abdominal

324
00:11:48,069 --> 00:11:45,680
ailment but our first challenge was to

325
00:11:50,310 --> 00:11:48,079
see what we could do with this and so we

326
00:11:52,949 --> 00:11:50,320
went to a large academic medical center

327
00:11:54,829 --> 00:11:52,959
henry ford hospital it's a large place

328
00:11:57,269 --> 00:11:54,839
level one trauma center in downtown

329
00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:57,279
detroit and we said what what can we use

330
00:12:01,350 --> 00:11:59,200
this for can we diagnose a collapsed

331
00:12:03,590 --> 00:12:01,360
lung a broken bone something like that

332
00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:03,600
now in my hospital we would use an x-ray

333
00:12:08,389 --> 00:12:06,240
or a ct or an mri and we certainly

334
00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:08,399
didn't have that on station and what we

335
00:12:12,470 --> 00:12:10,560
found surprised us that it worked

336
00:12:14,230 --> 00:12:12,480
darn well for that in fact sometimes

337
00:12:17,030 --> 00:12:14,240
even better than what we were doing so

338
00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:17,040
now a terrestrial standard is to utilize

339
00:12:21,590 --> 00:12:18,800
ultrasound and it's based on outreach

340
00:12:23,910 --> 00:12:21,600
for these ultrasound techniques but that

341
00:12:25,910 --> 00:12:23,920
was in experts hands and we don't have

342
00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:25,920
that luxury on the international space

343
00:12:30,870 --> 00:12:28,560
station so the next thing we had to do

344
00:12:33,190 --> 00:12:30,880
was come up with a very quick training

345
00:12:35,990 --> 00:12:33,200
method to get our astronauts and

346
00:12:39,670 --> 00:12:36,000
cosmonauts on how to how to provide this

347
00:12:41,509 --> 00:12:39,680
this level of care my project atom

348
00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:41,519
advanced diagnostic ultrasound and

349
00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:43,760
microgravity allowed us to do just that

350
00:12:47,829 --> 00:12:45,760
with the astronaut crews with just in

351
00:12:50,870 --> 00:12:47,839
time training and something that we

352
00:12:53,030 --> 00:12:50,880
coined remote expert guidance where a

353
00:12:55,269 --> 00:12:53,040
individual on the ground would help the

354
00:12:57,030 --> 00:12:55,279
operator talk through doing one of these

355
00:12:59,910 --> 00:12:57,040
and if you'd pull that first slide back

356
00:13:02,069 --> 00:12:59,920
up this shows a astronaut genna or

357
00:13:05,030 --> 00:13:02,079
cosmonaut gennady padalka performing a

358
00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:05,040
bone ultrasound on mike fink in the

359
00:13:08,550 --> 00:13:06,480
human research facility on the

360
00:13:10,470 --> 00:13:08,560
international space station this is a

361
00:13:12,550 --> 00:13:10,480
really difficult technique and yet they

362
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:12,560
were able to accomplish this in just

363
00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:15,279
under an hour of training this also

364
00:13:19,829 --> 00:13:17,519
formed the first publication submitted

365
00:13:23,430 --> 00:13:19,839
and accepted from space to the journal

366
00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:23,440
radiology next slide please

367
00:13:28,550 --> 00:13:26,240
well there's a lot of underserved areas

368
00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:28,560
on the earth medically and so we

369
00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:30,800
purposely chose one of the harshest ones

370
00:13:35,269 --> 00:13:32,880
to trial this technique

371
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,279
this photo shows a swedish climber

372
00:13:39,990 --> 00:13:37,120
performing a chest ultrasound

373
00:13:42,069 --> 00:13:40,000
examination on another injured climber

374
00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:42,079
on mount everest now this is about

375
00:13:46,710 --> 00:13:44,560
twenty one thousand feet up

376
00:13:48,470 --> 00:13:46,720
you can see an ultrasound machine in the

377
00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:48,480
center screen much like the one on the

378
00:13:53,269 --> 00:13:51,040
international space station this climber

379
00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:53,279
had never seen an ultrasound before yet

380
00:13:57,829 --> 00:13:55,199
alone produced one

381
00:14:00,870 --> 00:13:57,839
this is a solar powered device we

382
00:14:04,150 --> 00:14:00,880
utilize the satellite phone you can see

383
00:14:07,509 --> 00:14:04,160
my picture using uvu across the the

384
00:14:09,829 --> 00:14:07,519
world wide web to diagnose a increased

385
00:14:11,910 --> 00:14:09,839
lung fluid in this climber which often

386
00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:11,920
occurs during high altitude

387
00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:15,519
endeavors next slide please

388
00:14:20,629 --> 00:14:18,000
well we wanted to bring this back to a

389
00:14:22,790 --> 00:14:20,639
more terrestrial environment and so we

390
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:22,800
started talking to a variety of sporting

391
00:14:28,150 --> 00:14:25,199
venues we initially started out in my

392
00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:28,160
hometown detroit with the detroit red

393
00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:30,880
wings and so we utilized ultrasound to

394
00:14:36,389 --> 00:14:34,240
diagnose player injuries at the venue

395
00:14:38,550 --> 00:14:36,399
this was very popular it could get the

396
00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:38,560
the hockey players back on the rink very

397
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:40,880
quickly we didn't have a doctor there i

398
00:14:45,750 --> 00:14:43,360
we taught athletic trainers how to how

399
00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:45,760
to do this uh technique and apparently

400
00:14:49,990 --> 00:14:47,600
they talk because we were then

401
00:14:52,230 --> 00:14:50,000
approached by the olympic committee

402
00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:52,240
and so we taught athletic trainers

403
00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:54,639
non-physicians in chula vista in

404
00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:57,440
colorado springs in lake placid how to

405
00:15:02,310 --> 00:14:59,600
perform these examinations we performed

406
00:15:05,110 --> 00:15:02,320
hundreds of evaluations in the training

407
00:15:07,189 --> 00:15:05,120
facilities and then finally in torino

408
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:07,199
beijing and most recently in in

409
00:15:12,150 --> 00:15:09,680
vancouver now any of you who covered

410
00:15:14,389 --> 00:15:12,160
those events know that the downhill

411
00:15:17,269 --> 00:15:14,399
course was particularly challenging this

412
00:15:19,590 --> 00:15:17,279
year and we had a number of injuries one

413
00:15:22,389 --> 00:15:19,600
of which was with a noted downhill

414
00:15:24,629 --> 00:15:22,399
women's skier she had a bad fall on a

415
00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:24,639
practice run three days before her metal

416
00:15:29,670 --> 00:15:27,600
event we did a remote ultrasound guided

417
00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:29,680
much as we would on the international

418
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:32,320
space station we diagnosed an injured

419
00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:35,680
leg but not a a limiting leg on her she

420
00:15:39,110 --> 00:15:36,880
was able to

421
00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:39,120
run and have a gold medal three days

422
00:15:48,949 --> 00:15:45,670
final thought i i have for you brings it

423
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:48,959
really close to home maternal care

424
00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:51,920
so it's very challenging in many areas

425
00:15:56,870 --> 00:15:54,240
on our planet to provide high quality

426
00:15:59,030 --> 00:15:56,880
medical care to uh to women and

427
00:16:02,069 --> 00:15:59,040
particularly those in child bearing

428
00:16:04,389 --> 00:16:02,079
years the challenge of having a a child

429
00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:04,399
in an underserved village is about 300

430
00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:06,880
fold what it might be here in florida or

431
00:16:10,949 --> 00:16:08,800
in any of your cities

432
00:16:13,910 --> 00:16:10,959
across this this country

433
00:16:16,069 --> 00:16:13,920
we took our training methods we modified

434
00:16:18,629 --> 00:16:16,079
them a little bit because certainly when

435
00:16:21,590 --> 00:16:18,639
we're going to mars i don't have the

436
00:16:24,949 --> 00:16:21,600
luxury of telemedicine as we how knew it

437
00:16:26,949 --> 00:16:24,959
as we know it now if i'm a doctor at the

438
00:16:28,870 --> 00:16:26,959
johnson space center and i say wait a

439
00:16:30,470 --> 00:16:28,880
minute stop stop here they don't hear

440
00:16:32,389 --> 00:16:30,480
that until 20 minutes later and

441
00:16:35,350 --> 00:16:32,399
obviously that's not a not a good thing

442
00:16:36,710 --> 00:16:35,360
to do for medical care so we took a set

443
00:16:39,269 --> 00:16:36,720
of video glasses

444
00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:39,279
like this we took our programs on that

445
00:16:44,150 --> 00:16:41,920
and we did something called autonomous

446
00:16:46,949 --> 00:16:44,160
care so we gave them the capability to

447
00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:46,959
do this without talking to us and that's

448
00:16:51,269 --> 00:16:48,880
exactly what they did in this tiny

449
00:16:53,749 --> 00:16:51,279
village in the high arctic circle so we

450
00:16:56,389 --> 00:16:53,759
had them do very complex exams some

451
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:56,399
pregnancy scans as shown on that slide

452
00:17:00,949 --> 00:16:58,639
some heart exams and things like that

453
00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:00,959
and they were able with very high

454
00:17:07,590 --> 00:17:04,640
accuracy to perform these examinations

455
00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:07,600
and i think in summary not only have we

456
00:17:11,669 --> 00:17:08,880
now

457
00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:11,679
improved care capabilities on the space

458
00:17:16,949 --> 00:17:14,160
station but i think we have translatable

459
00:17:19,510 --> 00:17:16,959
benefit back here on earth we will not

460
00:17:23,110 --> 00:17:19,520
always have the luxury of a high

461
00:17:25,829 --> 00:17:23,120
highly skilled practitioner and highly

462
00:17:27,350 --> 00:17:25,839
highly expensive imagery available i

463
00:17:29,830 --> 00:17:27,360
think we've gotten through

464
00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:29,840
that now on station and this should

465
00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:32,400
improve care capabilities here on earth

466
00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:33,840
as well

467
00:17:38,230 --> 00:17:36,320
i have some outreach cds that have this

468
00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:38,240
in greater detail should you wish those

469
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:43,590
thank you

470
00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:48,559
uh since uh one and a half years have

471
00:17:52,870 --> 00:17:51,600
passed we start operation of the

472
00:17:55,190 --> 00:17:52,880
japanese

473
00:17:57,590 --> 00:17:55,200
experiment module called kibo onboard

474
00:17:58,870 --> 00:17:57,600
the space station and

475
00:17:59,750 --> 00:17:58,880
we believe

476
00:18:02,630 --> 00:17:59,760
now

477
00:18:04,310 --> 00:18:02,640
we are fully uh using the capability of

478
00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:04,320
the space station

479
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:05,520
and uh

480
00:18:13,270 --> 00:18:09,760
this uh space shuttle 131 flight is very

481
00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:13,280
uh special space special right for japan

482
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:14,480
and jax

483
00:18:18,390 --> 00:18:16,640
not only because we have two

484
00:18:20,630 --> 00:18:18,400
japanese astronauts

485
00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:20,640
simon simultaneously onboard the space

486
00:18:24,870 --> 00:18:23,360
station and do the science

487
00:18:26,789 --> 00:18:24,880
with two

488
00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:26,799
crew member cooperation

489
00:18:31,750 --> 00:18:30,640
and but also we plan a multiple human

490
00:18:33,909 --> 00:18:31,760
research

491
00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:33,919
type of experiment on both the space

492
00:18:37,510 --> 00:18:36,320
station in the short time frame of this

493
00:18:40,150 --> 00:18:37,520
uh

494
00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:40,160
sds one study on flight

495
00:18:51,909 --> 00:18:48,710
we are planning four different type of

496
00:18:53,590 --> 00:18:51,919
human research type of experiment

497
00:18:57,110 --> 00:18:53,600
first one is the

498
00:19:01,029 --> 00:18:57,120
code name is myolab this experiment will

499
00:19:02,549 --> 00:19:01,039
investigate the muscle atrophy

500
00:19:05,669 --> 00:19:02,559
induced by the

501
00:19:06,470 --> 00:19:05,679
microgravity or unloaded condition

502
00:19:09,190 --> 00:19:06,480
and

503
00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:09,200
the next one is a new lot

504
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:11,360
this experiment uh

505
00:19:16,070 --> 00:19:14,720
back side back please

506
00:19:17,830 --> 00:19:16,080
okay uh

507
00:19:18,630 --> 00:19:17,840
the first slide thank you

508
00:19:20,710 --> 00:19:18,640
the

509
00:19:23,430 --> 00:19:20,720
second uh decal

510
00:19:24,710 --> 00:19:23,440
it's a new rod this experiment focused

511
00:19:26,070 --> 00:19:24,720
on their

512
00:19:28,310 --> 00:19:26,080
uh

513
00:19:29,830 --> 00:19:28,320
space gladiation effect to the human

514
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:29,840
nerve system

515
00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:31,360
and uh

516
00:19:38,150 --> 00:19:34,320
the third one is micro uh this is

517
00:19:40,230 --> 00:19:38,160
this experiment uh investigate dear uh

518
00:19:41,909 --> 00:19:40,240
microflora

519
00:19:43,510 --> 00:19:41,919
dynamics

520
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:43,520
on the crew members

521
00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:45,360
and the last one is the

522
00:19:49,029 --> 00:19:48,160
radiation monitoring called padres

523
00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:49,039
here

524
00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:51,120
we have two pis

525
00:19:55,190 --> 00:19:53,200
one pi from

526
00:19:57,029 --> 00:19:55,200
tokshima university

527
00:19:59,110 --> 00:19:57,039
myola pi uh

528
00:20:00,310 --> 00:19:59,120
professor dr nicower

529
00:20:01,430 --> 00:20:00,320
and uh

530
00:20:03,909 --> 00:20:01,440
also

531
00:20:06,870 --> 00:20:03,919
i have another pi from kangoshima

532
00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:06,880
university a pi of neurolog and

533
00:20:11,990 --> 00:20:09,520
professor dr mashima

534
00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:12,000
so if you have any detailed questions we

535
00:20:17,909 --> 00:20:14,400
have a chance to ask them later

536
00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:19,750
i would like to quick uh

537
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:22,480
quickly uh briefing about uh this

538
00:20:28,470 --> 00:20:23,600
experiment

539
00:20:31,430 --> 00:20:28,480
master atrophy

540
00:20:32,870 --> 00:20:31,440
uh dr nikova's team uh

541
00:20:35,909 --> 00:20:32,880
focused on

542
00:20:38,230 --> 00:20:35,919
the uh kind of

543
00:20:40,070 --> 00:20:38,240
enzyme or

544
00:20:41,190 --> 00:20:40,080
the proteins

545
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:41,200
in

546
00:20:44,070 --> 00:20:42,320
the muscle

547
00:20:48,230 --> 00:20:44,080
cells

548
00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:48,240
the name is cblb or cb

549
00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:50,640
this is one of a key

550
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:52,240
enzyme

551
00:20:57,510 --> 00:20:53,520
which will be

552
00:20:58,630 --> 00:20:57,520
effect to the muscular artery so

553
00:21:00,470 --> 00:20:58,640
we will

554
00:21:03,909 --> 00:21:00,480
culture the

555
00:21:06,149 --> 00:21:03,919
l6 cells onboard the space station and

556
00:21:09,590 --> 00:21:06,159
chemically fixed and return back to

557
00:21:10,950 --> 00:21:09,600
theirs and investigate how this enzyme

558
00:21:13,029 --> 00:21:10,960
will

559
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:13,039
working

560
00:21:16,870 --> 00:21:14,720
during the

561
00:21:17,909 --> 00:21:16,880
muscle atrophy

562
00:21:20,630 --> 00:21:17,919
uh

563
00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:20,640
nowadays

564
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:22,240
many

565
00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:28,549
lied in bad condition or a wheelchair

566
00:21:32,350 --> 00:21:29,520
condition

567
00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:32,360
this is very a serious problem for

568
00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:35,679
a japanese society

569
00:21:37,909 --> 00:21:36,880
so

570
00:21:40,149 --> 00:21:37,919
we hope

571
00:21:42,870 --> 00:21:40,159
this kind of experiment will

572
00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:42,880
dedicate not only for the astronaut or

573
00:21:45,430 --> 00:21:44,640
space flight but also

574
00:21:48,390 --> 00:21:45,440
for

575
00:21:51,029 --> 00:21:48,400
human health on the ground

576
00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:51,039
next slide phrase

577
00:21:56,149 --> 00:21:53,679
another experiment is new rod this

578
00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:56,159
experiment focused

579
00:22:01,510 --> 00:21:58,400
on the space radiation effect

580
00:22:03,909 --> 00:22:01,520
on human cells especially for the

581
00:22:05,830 --> 00:22:03,919
central nervous cells

582
00:22:07,510 --> 00:22:05,840
this experiment also using a cell

583
00:22:08,470 --> 00:22:07,520
culture technique

584
00:22:10,310 --> 00:22:08,480
we will

585
00:22:13,750 --> 00:22:10,320
culture the

586
00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:17,270
human neuron like cell and name is sknsh

587
00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:18,640
cells

588
00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:19,600
will

589
00:22:25,190 --> 00:22:22,400
culture this cell line about a month

590
00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:25,200
long on both the space station and bring

591
00:22:28,070 --> 00:22:26,640
bring it back

592
00:22:32,310 --> 00:22:28,080
to the us and

593
00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:32,320
uh investigate uh using the uh

594
00:22:44,870 --> 00:22:41,270
gene analysis technique the uh the

595
00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:44,880
objective of this experiment is uh

596
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:47,840
in the future uh we need to know

597
00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:50,000
how the

598
00:22:52,950 --> 00:22:52,000
space radiation affect to the crew

599
00:22:55,990 --> 00:22:52,960
members

600
00:22:57,430 --> 00:22:56,000
to prepare for a much longer time among

601
00:22:58,950 --> 00:22:57,440
the space

602
00:23:01,669 --> 00:22:58,960
activity

603
00:23:03,990 --> 00:23:01,679
next slide please

604
00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:04,000
the other two experiments are learning

605
00:23:07,270 --> 00:23:05,760
by jaxa

606
00:23:09,190 --> 00:23:07,280
ourselves

607
00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:09,200
one is

608
00:23:12,470 --> 00:23:11,360
investigate about their crew members

609
00:23:14,870 --> 00:23:12,480
health

610
00:23:17,909 --> 00:23:14,880
we are correcting uh

611
00:23:19,909 --> 00:23:17,919
crew members uh we are collecting

612
00:23:22,470 --> 00:23:19,919
samples from crew members

613
00:23:25,029 --> 00:23:22,480
from natural cavity or

614
00:23:27,110 --> 00:23:25,039
for links or skins

615
00:23:30,070 --> 00:23:27,120
these are not so painful for the crew

616
00:23:33,029 --> 00:23:30,080
members to collecting these samples

617
00:23:34,549 --> 00:23:33,039
but it is very important to understand

618
00:23:35,669 --> 00:23:34,559
these

619
00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:35,679
resident

620
00:23:40,630 --> 00:23:38,720
microflora because microflora on the

621
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:40,640
body is uh

622
00:23:45,669 --> 00:23:43,679
essential or a very important law for

623
00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:45,679
the human health and

624
00:23:48,789 --> 00:23:47,600
human immune system

625
00:23:50,789 --> 00:23:48,799
the last one

626
00:23:53,750 --> 00:23:50,799
we are continuously

627
00:23:56,390 --> 00:23:53,760
monitoring the

628
00:23:57,909 --> 00:23:56,400
space radiation inside the gem module

629
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:57,919
you can see

630
00:24:01,909 --> 00:23:59,200
about

631
00:24:03,510 --> 00:24:01,919
16 different points in the gem

632
00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:03,520
pressurized module

633
00:24:09,350 --> 00:24:06,960
we used a small passive decimator to

634
00:24:12,310 --> 00:24:09,360
continuously monitoring the

635
00:24:14,149 --> 00:24:12,320
space radiation inside the gem

636
00:24:15,029 --> 00:24:14,159
that is all

637
00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:15,039
the

638
00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:18,880
frame and uh

639
00:24:23,750 --> 00:24:21,120
the important thing is uh we're

640
00:24:27,269 --> 00:24:23,760
increasing this kind of human research

641
00:24:29,590 --> 00:24:27,279
in the uh japanese keyboard module for

642
00:24:33,190 --> 00:24:29,600
the future human

643
00:24:34,789 --> 00:24:33,200
activity in the space station thank you

644
00:24:36,390 --> 00:24:34,799
okay thank you

645
00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:36,400
we'll now take questions here at nasa's

646
00:24:39,590 --> 00:24:38,000
kennedy space center remember to wait

647
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:39,600
for the microphone and state your name

648
00:24:46,789 --> 00:24:41,039
and affiliation

649
00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:49,029
uh dan cramer for um

650
00:24:52,390 --> 00:24:50,640
planetary society and space flight

651
00:24:53,350 --> 00:24:52,400
magazine let me ask the japanese

652
00:24:54,789 --> 00:24:53,360
colleague

653
00:24:56,950 --> 00:24:54,799
mark you mentioned

654
00:24:58,710 --> 00:24:56,960
the budget increase that president obama

655
00:25:00,070 --> 00:24:58,720
has announced for the u.s space program

656
00:25:01,990 --> 00:25:00,080
i'd like to know you have a new

657
00:25:03,590 --> 00:25:02,000
government in japan what is their

658
00:25:05,269 --> 00:25:03,600
attitude has your has your budget

659
00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:05,279
increased i read some reports they were

660
00:25:08,070 --> 00:25:06,960
actually interested in cutting the space

661
00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:08,080
program

662
00:25:13,430 --> 00:25:10,960
uh currently the budget is uh

663
00:25:16,870 --> 00:25:13,440
not increasing but not decreasing its

664
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:16,880
flood base however a new government

665
00:25:23,190 --> 00:25:20,720
established a kind of boat to discussing

666
00:25:24,789 --> 00:25:23,200
our future

667
00:25:27,750 --> 00:25:24,799
space activity

668
00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:27,760
still they are discussing the strategy

669
00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:29,039
of japanese

670
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:32,400
space program and discussion is not yet

671
00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:34,480
finished

672
00:25:38,549 --> 00:25:36,000
however

673
00:25:39,909 --> 00:25:38,559
maybe you know the japanese new

674
00:25:41,430 --> 00:25:39,919
prime minister

675
00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:41,440
dr katoyama

676
00:25:46,470 --> 00:25:42,400
called

677
00:25:53,590 --> 00:25:46,480
uchujin that means spaceman so i hope

678
00:26:00,390 --> 00:25:55,830
jay claudic nebraska press association

679
00:26:04,950 --> 00:26:02,470
very interesting work on the ultrasound

680
00:26:06,789 --> 00:26:04,960
system is there anything in life

681
00:26:08,310 --> 00:26:06,799
sciences

682
00:26:10,549 --> 00:26:08,320
involving

683
00:26:13,350 --> 00:26:10,559
working on techniques or doing any

684
00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:13,360
training of astronauts for any on-orbit

685
00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:15,360
emergencies that might involve invasive

686
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:17,600
procedures those that are not

687
00:26:21,669 --> 00:26:19,840
trained in a medical field and i mean

688
00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:21,679
i've heard of some short-term research

689
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:22,880
taking place

690
00:26:26,630 --> 00:26:24,720
unlike the on the vomit comet but are

691
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:26,640
there any plans for anything long term

692
00:26:31,830 --> 00:26:28,559
on the iss

693
00:26:34,549 --> 00:26:31,840
yeah i i'm i am but a pi so i can't

694
00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:34,559
speak for nasa however being exposed to

695
00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:37,840
a variety of experiments along this line

696
00:26:44,310 --> 00:26:40,799
i i think i was very surprised when i

697
00:26:46,549 --> 00:26:44,320
i'm a uh a long trained surgeon with

698
00:26:47,430 --> 00:26:46,559
many years in schooling and then on the

699
00:26:49,029 --> 00:26:47,440
job

700
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:49,039
apprenticeship i thought that there was

701
00:26:53,110 --> 00:26:51,279
absolutely no way that these crews were

702
00:26:55,190 --> 00:26:53,120
going to be able to perform complex

703
00:26:57,350 --> 00:26:55,200
procedures that we were going to get

704
00:26:58,950 --> 00:26:57,360
them to do and i must say i was i was

705
00:27:00,549 --> 00:26:58,960
very impressed that we were able not

706
00:27:02,789 --> 00:27:00,559
only to have them do that but then they

707
00:27:04,630 --> 00:27:02,799
took the ball and they'd say hey can can

708
00:27:06,870 --> 00:27:04,640
we do this how about how about this and

709
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:06,880
that so it was way more intuitive and i

710
00:27:11,510 --> 00:27:09,120
think we've now extended that to sports

711
00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:11,520
uh sports folks i had uh

712
00:27:16,470 --> 00:27:14,240
brett hull who's a defenseman from from

713
00:27:18,470 --> 00:27:16,480
the red wings doing ultrasound exams on

714
00:27:19,350 --> 00:27:18,480
his other partners so i guess i have to

715
00:27:22,549 --> 00:27:19,360
really

716
00:27:24,470 --> 00:27:22,559
re reevaluate my my training but i i

717
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:24,480
think if if you wanted to extend that

718
00:27:27,990 --> 00:27:26,640
okay how about uh appendicitis it's

719
00:27:30,549 --> 00:27:28,000
something we all

720
00:27:33,190 --> 00:27:30,559
have have some thoughts about and i know

721
00:27:35,430 --> 00:27:33,200
the russians have one way of treating uh

722
00:27:36,549 --> 00:27:35,440
treating that we may we may have another

723
00:27:37,750 --> 00:27:36,559
one

724
00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:37,760
i think that

725
00:27:41,990 --> 00:27:39,600
and and we've all seen what's happened

726
00:27:44,470 --> 00:27:42,000
on antarctica with breast cancer in the

727
00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:44,480
past and things like that and what we're

728
00:27:48,470 --> 00:27:46,720
suggesting to do is may not necessarily

729
00:27:49,909 --> 00:27:48,480
be what you might get at henry ford

730
00:27:52,070 --> 00:27:49,919
hospital should you come in with

731
00:27:53,590 --> 00:27:52,080
appendicitis but it'll probably be good

732
00:27:56,310 --> 00:27:53,600
enough to get you through the eye of the

733
00:27:58,149 --> 00:27:56,320
needle till you get recover or get to

734
00:28:00,630 --> 00:27:58,159
another care facility and i think that

735
00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:00,640
that's what we're now working on

736
00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:02,880
relative to more complex and invasive

737
00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:04,480
procedures it may not be exactly

738
00:28:09,750 --> 00:28:06,720
equivalent in that but it will be

739
00:28:12,230 --> 00:28:09,760
life-sparing and morbidity decreasing on

740
00:28:14,470 --> 00:28:12,240
that one so i wouldn't think it's in our

741
00:28:16,389 --> 00:28:14,480
future to fly an operating room or an

742
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:16,399
emergency room or things like that but

743
00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:18,720
it'll be in our future to fly

744
00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:21,200
educational tools that will provide some

745
00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:24,960
on-site very quick diagnostics and some

746
00:28:29,590 --> 00:28:26,720
moderate therapeutics which we already

747
00:28:31,590 --> 00:28:29,600
have and expand on that and then working

748
00:28:33,350 --> 00:28:31,600
with some of the smart medical systems

749
00:28:36,310 --> 00:28:33,360
that's really the future not only in the

750
00:28:38,870 --> 00:28:36,320
space program but uh and on our planet

751
00:28:41,430 --> 00:28:38,880
as well where you could provide some of

752
00:28:45,350 --> 00:28:41,440
that uh rather than having big fancy

753
00:28:47,350 --> 00:28:45,360
doctors all over the place

754
00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:47,360
uh john tierney with the new york times

755
00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:49,840
uh uh for both of the uh researchers

756
00:28:53,750 --> 00:28:51,200
um do you have any general thoughts

757
00:28:55,990 --> 00:28:53,760
about about what we've learned either uh

758
00:28:58,710 --> 00:28:56,000
that's encouraging or discouraging about

759
00:29:00,470 --> 00:28:58,720
the prospects for going to mars about

760
00:29:02,870 --> 00:29:00,480
the effects of muscle atrophy on the

761
00:29:04,630 --> 00:29:02,880
crew the effects of radiation and and

762
00:29:08,470 --> 00:29:04,640
dealing with emergencies along the way

763
00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:11,029
uh it's very uh

764
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:14,000
at this moment uh difficult uh question

765
00:29:20,310 --> 00:29:17,600
because the uh space radiation uh

766
00:29:23,669 --> 00:29:20,320
on the moon or the towards the moon is

767
00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:23,679
much much higher than the oh uh the iss

768
00:29:31,350 --> 00:29:27,200
orbit so uh it must be affected through

769
00:29:33,350 --> 00:29:31,360
uh health so we need to investigate and

770
00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:33,360
protect crew members from the space

771
00:29:39,750 --> 00:29:36,640
station if we go to the moon or mass so

772
00:29:40,710 --> 00:29:39,760
that is an engineering challenge

773
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:40,720
we

774
00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:42,960
in order to prepare for that

775
00:29:47,669 --> 00:29:45,520
we would like to continue

776
00:29:49,990 --> 00:29:47,679
the experiment on both the space station

777
00:29:53,190 --> 00:29:51,350
to learn

778
00:29:59,830 --> 00:29:53,200
about the

779
00:30:01,669 --> 00:29:59,840
muscle atrophy i think uh it's a lot

780
00:30:04,389 --> 00:30:01,679
positive because

781
00:30:07,990 --> 00:30:04,399
we have some counter measure

782
00:30:08,950 --> 00:30:08,000
one is of course the crew exercise and

783
00:30:11,110 --> 00:30:08,960
also

784
00:30:13,110 --> 00:30:11,120
almost a space station we are now

785
00:30:15,909 --> 00:30:13,120
investigate to using

786
00:30:17,990 --> 00:30:15,919
some kind of medicine to

787
00:30:21,110 --> 00:30:18,000
keep the bone

788
00:30:22,710 --> 00:30:21,120
or muscle to protect the from the

789
00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:22,720
atrophy so

790
00:30:26,470 --> 00:30:25,520
that may be overcome uh in the near

791
00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:26,480
future

792
00:30:32,070 --> 00:30:29,600
uh however radiation is maybe a much

793
00:30:34,630 --> 00:30:32,080
difficult uh challenge for the

794
00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:34,640
future space pride

795
00:30:38,630 --> 00:30:37,600
i i think that uh it's encouraging be

796
00:30:40,070 --> 00:30:38,640
because

797
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:40,080
sometimes when you're faced with a

798
00:30:44,149 --> 00:30:41,679
constraint you you have to be

799
00:30:46,710 --> 00:30:44,159
particularly innovative so if we had no

800
00:30:48,149 --> 00:30:46,720
constraints we could fly a a vessel

801
00:30:50,549 --> 00:30:48,159
that's got a

802
00:30:52,389 --> 00:30:50,559
wall a foot thick a lead and we wouldn't

803
00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:52,399
have to worry about all of these things

804
00:30:55,990 --> 00:30:54,640
we could fly a full gym and everything

805
00:30:58,310 --> 00:30:56,000
else and it could be just just like

806
00:31:01,029 --> 00:30:58,320
earth but we don't have that luxury so

807
00:31:02,789 --> 00:31:01,039
we may not actually have an engineering

808
00:31:05,430 --> 00:31:02,799
solution to some of those challenges but

809
00:31:07,909 --> 00:31:05,440
we may have a pharmacologic so you may

810
00:31:09,669 --> 00:31:07,919
take a much bigger radiation hit than we

811
00:31:13,350 --> 00:31:09,679
would be comfortable in this room but we

812
00:31:15,830 --> 00:31:13,360
may have some wonderful drug protection

813
00:31:17,509 --> 00:31:15,840
against that hit we've already gotten

814
00:31:19,830 --> 00:31:17,519
through many of the constraints relative

815
00:31:22,230 --> 00:31:19,840
to the bone loss and relative to muscle

816
00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:22,240
and things like that there are more uh

817
00:31:26,070 --> 00:31:24,080
and that but i i think it i think it's

818
00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:26,080
very positive and i i'm assuming

819
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:27,760
clarence has some thoughts on on some of

820
00:31:31,269 --> 00:31:29,440
the other things that we've done on some

821
00:31:33,350 --> 00:31:31,279
of the countermeasures

822
00:31:35,190 --> 00:31:33,360
yes i'd just like to add a couple of

823
00:31:36,870 --> 00:31:35,200
points i think from a

824
00:31:38,470 --> 00:31:36,880
a global perspective

825
00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:38,480
when you look at the crew members you

826
00:31:42,789 --> 00:31:40,080
find that human beings are much more

827
00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:42,799
adaptable than you necessarily expected

828
00:31:46,470 --> 00:31:44,480
them to be

829
00:31:49,350 --> 00:31:46,480
but that almost all the control systems

830
00:31:51,990 --> 00:31:49,360
are feedback loops so they respond to

831
00:31:53,350 --> 00:31:52,000
the environment they're in and you know

832
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:53,360
a lot of what we're trying to learn

833
00:31:57,750 --> 00:31:54,640
during station

834
00:31:59,830 --> 00:31:57,760
is how to balance the fact that

835
00:32:02,710 --> 00:31:59,840
you have an adaptive organism that is

836
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:02,720
changing and how do you keep it within

837
00:32:06,549 --> 00:32:04,320
the bounds of where you want

838
00:32:08,549 --> 00:32:06,559
and and we we have a variety of

839
00:32:11,110 --> 00:32:08,559
countermeasures uh activities that we're

840
00:32:12,630 --> 00:32:11,120
doing now but that i think in a large

841
00:32:14,549 --> 00:32:12,640
sense is the

842
00:32:15,990 --> 00:32:14,559
overall concept for the the human

843
00:32:18,389 --> 00:32:16,000
research program

844
00:32:19,669 --> 00:32:18,399
how do you keep people in the bounds of

845
00:32:21,350 --> 00:32:19,679
how you keep them healthy and how you

846
00:32:22,389 --> 00:32:21,360
keep them able to perform in the way you

847
00:32:23,990 --> 00:32:22,399
want them to

848
00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:24,000
knowing that they're an adaptive system

849
00:32:27,669 --> 00:32:25,679
you've put them in another environment

850
00:32:29,190 --> 00:32:27,679
if you don't do anything they'll adapt

851
00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:29,200
to that environment which may or may not

852
00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:34,950
robert hi robert perlman with

853
00:32:38,389 --> 00:32:36,640
collectspace.com with a couple of

854
00:32:40,070 --> 00:32:38,399
questions first for mark

855
00:32:42,149 --> 00:32:40,080
you mentioned that the

856
00:32:44,310 --> 00:32:42,159
the payload equivalent was about six to

857
00:32:46,310 --> 00:32:44,320
seven space halves but of course they

858
00:32:47,909 --> 00:32:46,320
were space labs um of course each of

859
00:32:49,990 --> 00:32:47,919
those would have had six to seven crew

860
00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:50,000
members so are you at the limits right

861
00:32:54,870 --> 00:32:52,960
now of crew capability to support the

862
00:32:55,830 --> 00:32:54,880
many science payloads or could more be

863
00:32:58,389 --> 00:32:55,840
added

864
00:33:00,310 --> 00:32:58,399
within the allottable crew time

865
00:33:02,549 --> 00:33:00,320
right well the the difference of course

866
00:33:05,269 --> 00:33:02,559
is the space lab missions were only six

867
00:33:08,710 --> 00:33:05,279
to eight days long so we've got a near

868
00:33:10,630 --> 00:33:08,720
continuous 365 day per year mission with

869
00:33:13,269 --> 00:33:10,640
our six crew

870
00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:13,279
and we're looking forward to ramping up

871
00:33:16,630 --> 00:33:15,200
into that available crew time the crew

872
00:33:18,950 --> 00:33:16,640
currently has

873
00:33:21,669 --> 00:33:18,960
the time to support more research than

874
00:33:23,750 --> 00:33:21,679
was previously being performed uh during

875
00:33:25,190 --> 00:33:23,760
the assembly phase so we're we're

876
00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:25,200
looking forward to being able to keep

877
00:33:36,950 --> 00:33:33,269
yeah sorry um just a a just a follow-up

878
00:33:38,950 --> 00:33:36,960
with um with scott and clarence uh

879
00:33:41,430 --> 00:33:38,960
it was mentioned about training

880
00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:41,440
non-doctors to perform medical

881
00:33:45,350 --> 00:33:43,760
procedures on on orbit but is there a

882
00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:45,360
value of having

883
00:33:50,710 --> 00:33:48,320
um of having trained mds on board the

884
00:33:52,149 --> 00:33:50,720
station and and have you been able to

885
00:33:55,190 --> 00:33:52,159
take advantage of the md's that have

886
00:33:59,190 --> 00:33:57,190
obviously you can do different training

887
00:34:01,190 --> 00:33:59,200
algorithms if you have somebody who's an

888
00:34:03,669 --> 00:34:01,200
expert already in that but please

889
00:34:05,750 --> 00:34:03,679
understand that the probability of a

890
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:05,760
medical event during this

891
00:34:10,629 --> 00:34:08,079
during a mission is pretty darn low and

892
00:34:12,710 --> 00:34:10,639
so you training is appropriately focused

893
00:34:14,550 --> 00:34:12,720
on on that on that probability where you

894
00:34:16,230 --> 00:34:14,560
know you're going to have to do some

895
00:34:17,669 --> 00:34:16,240
other things to maintain the vehicle and

896
00:34:19,430 --> 00:34:17,679
other other

897
00:34:21,030 --> 00:34:19,440
contingencies

898
00:34:22,629 --> 00:34:21,040
i think that

899
00:34:24,310 --> 00:34:22,639
those

900
00:34:26,950 --> 00:34:24,320
skilled individuals who have been on

901
00:34:28,869 --> 00:34:26,960
orbit have been particularly useful

902
00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:28,879
because of the feedback they give us

903
00:34:32,869 --> 00:34:30,960
they say well i know how to do that i

904
00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:32,879
was trained in that but if we did it

905
00:34:36,389 --> 00:34:35,040
this way in that unique environment it

906
00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:36,399
would work better so i think they've

907
00:34:40,950 --> 00:34:38,720
streamlined and i must say we've we've

908
00:34:43,750 --> 00:34:40,960
performed almost 100 hours now of

909
00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:43,760
ultrasound uh on on orbit most of which

910
00:34:48,069 --> 00:34:45,760
has been done not with physicians dr

911
00:34:51,270 --> 00:34:48,079
barrett did do some of our our

912
00:34:53,109 --> 00:34:51,280
ultrasound at the end of the day i i i

913
00:34:55,190 --> 00:34:53,119
can't tell the difference between those

914
00:34:57,270 --> 00:34:55,200
those examinations and i think part of

915
00:34:59,349 --> 00:34:57,280
it is because of we talked to him before

916
00:35:01,270 --> 00:34:59,359
he went and the other crew members but

917
00:35:03,750 --> 00:35:01,280
the second thing is we had our listening

918
00:35:05,750 --> 00:35:03,760
ears on so when the crew went you know

919
00:35:09,030 --> 00:35:05,760
this would be really good if you would

920
00:35:11,190 --> 00:35:09,040
provide us with this and so having uh

921
00:35:14,310 --> 00:35:11,200
been able to have that that circular

922
00:35:16,310 --> 00:35:14,320
feedback to uh to a researcher which is

923
00:35:17,910 --> 00:35:16,320
unusual i think for standard standard

924
00:35:19,990 --> 00:35:17,920
research i think that that was the best

925
00:35:21,750 --> 00:35:20,000
thing that we did

926
00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:21,760
i just want to add one or two things to

927
00:35:25,910 --> 00:35:23,680
that and one is is uh you know looking

928
00:35:28,550 --> 00:35:25,920
at some of the ultrasound activities and

929
00:35:30,230 --> 00:35:28,560
and sort of how they're gone uh having

930
00:35:33,030 --> 00:35:30,240
people that are experts on orbit really

931
00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:33,040
does add that feedback and the the crews

932
00:35:36,470 --> 00:35:35,200
will come up with with as they're

933
00:35:38,069 --> 00:35:36,480
interacting with the research teams

934
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:38,079
they'll sit there and go you know your

935
00:35:41,910 --> 00:35:39,680
procedure said to do this but if we did

936
00:35:44,150 --> 00:35:41,920
this we could get a much cleaner signal

937
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:44,160
and so they evolved that with the

938
00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:46,079
research team as you're going on and

939
00:35:49,990 --> 00:35:48,000
that is another thing that is is also

940
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:50,000
very much unique about

941
00:35:55,589 --> 00:35:53,280
station science compared to things like

942
00:35:57,430 --> 00:35:55,599
uh space labs and the other other types

943
00:36:00,230 --> 00:35:57,440
of of things were flown you know in a

944
00:36:01,589 --> 00:36:00,240
space lab your time is so constrained uh

945
00:36:03,750 --> 00:36:01,599
with the week that you've gotten you

946
00:36:05,670 --> 00:36:03,760
have so much activity you don't usually

947
00:36:07,750 --> 00:36:05,680
have the time for the interface with the

948
00:36:09,349 --> 00:36:07,760
crew member for the feedback between the

949
00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:09,359
crew member and the researcher and let's

950
00:36:13,430 --> 00:36:11,680
evolve the experiment as you go on and

951
00:36:15,910 --> 00:36:13,440
so on station you actually get to use

952
00:36:17,829 --> 00:36:15,920
people as your colleagues and that

953
00:36:20,710 --> 00:36:17,839
that's all the the individuals of the

954
00:36:22,790 --> 00:36:20,720
team and they evolve the science as it

955
00:36:24,550 --> 00:36:22,800
goes on their observations feedback to

956
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:24,560
the science team and the science team

957
00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:26,400
goes gee i wasn't expecting that well

958
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:27,680
let's do this and this and this next

959
00:36:31,910 --> 00:36:30,240
time and so it's very much a

960
00:36:48,310 --> 00:36:31,920
a

961
00:36:51,270 --> 00:36:48,320
i think one question to follow up my

962
00:36:53,589 --> 00:36:51,280
first one is for either uh mr erin or dr

963
00:36:56,550 --> 00:36:53,599
sam's with the station's extension uh

964
00:36:58,310 --> 00:36:56,560
through at least 2020 now i'm uh curious

965
00:36:59,910 --> 00:36:58,320
what types of

966
00:37:00,870 --> 00:36:59,920
studies you've had at the back of your

967
00:37:02,470 --> 00:37:00,880
head

968
00:37:04,710 --> 00:37:02,480
i guess at the back of your mind now

969
00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:04,720
maybe you'll get a chance to fly up

970
00:37:08,150 --> 00:37:06,400
and how

971
00:37:09,589 --> 00:37:08,160
the station can be a test but for things

972
00:37:11,109 --> 00:37:09,599
just not just for space but for on the

973
00:37:13,670 --> 00:37:11,119
ground like i i believe there's a

974
00:37:15,270 --> 00:37:13,680
filtration system on on discovery flying

975
00:37:17,589 --> 00:37:15,280
up that could be used for water

976
00:37:19,109 --> 00:37:17,599
purification for ivs you know in space

977
00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:19,119
or on the ground if you can kind of go

978
00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:20,320
into that a little bit that would be

979
00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:23,520
great thanks let me let me start it off

980
00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:24,800
at the

981
00:37:28,550 --> 00:37:26,560
general level

982
00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:28,560
a lot of the organizations that we were

983
00:37:33,190 --> 00:37:31,760
working with prior to the extension

984
00:37:35,349 --> 00:37:33,200
were interested in access to a

985
00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:35,359
laboratory for long term it's it's

986
00:37:40,870 --> 00:37:38,960
difficult to mount a research program

987
00:37:42,470 --> 00:37:40,880
if you know your laboratory assets are

988
00:37:44,550 --> 00:37:42,480
only going to be available to you for a

989
00:37:46,870 --> 00:37:44,560
couple a few more years

990
00:37:50,630 --> 00:37:46,880
once we did the extension we think that

991
00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:50,640
opens up the the scope of organizations

992
00:37:55,190 --> 00:37:52,560
that are willing to invest in a research

993
00:37:56,870 --> 00:37:55,200
program that now has a lifetime of 10

994
00:37:58,630 --> 00:37:56,880
years or better

995
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:58,640
it's really opened that scope up

996
00:38:02,950 --> 00:38:00,640
immensely and it's across all of the

997
00:38:04,950 --> 00:38:02,960
categories across biology chemistry and

998
00:38:07,829 --> 00:38:04,960
physics but clarence you probably have

999
00:38:10,310 --> 00:38:07,839
some specific examples uh yes we uh in

1000
00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:10,320
the human life sciences there's actually

1001
00:38:13,990 --> 00:38:11,440
uh an

1002
00:38:15,750 --> 00:38:14,000
integrated research plan on the u.s side

1003
00:38:17,829 --> 00:38:15,760
that basically has

1004
00:38:19,750 --> 00:38:17,839
uh if you're looking to you know solve

1005
00:38:21,270 --> 00:38:19,760
your human health and performance risk

1006
00:38:23,190 --> 00:38:21,280
for doing exploration class missions

1007
00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:23,200
which is one of the major objectives of

1008
00:38:29,430 --> 00:38:27,200
that program you know we have a lot of

1009
00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:29,440
risks and gaps of knowledge that we need

1010
00:38:33,829 --> 00:38:31,920
to fill and we've mapped those out

1011
00:38:34,870 --> 00:38:33,839
through the life of station so there is

1012
00:38:35,750 --> 00:38:34,880
a plan

1013
00:38:38,310 --> 00:38:35,760
to

1014
00:38:40,950 --> 00:38:38,320
both solicit uh specific things from the

1015
00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:40,960
research community specific subjects at

1016
00:38:45,270 --> 00:38:42,800
specific times to map them over the

1017
00:38:47,589 --> 00:38:45,280
asset that we have a station and yes it

1018
00:38:49,670 --> 00:38:47,599
certainly is a big benefit that we can

1019
00:38:51,510 --> 00:38:49,680
now map that over a 10-year period

1020
00:38:53,990 --> 00:38:51,520
because you can burn down a lot more of

1021
00:38:56,150 --> 00:38:54,000
those risk areas and

1022
00:38:57,910 --> 00:38:56,160
actually get the opportunity to

1023
00:38:59,670 --> 00:38:57,920
you know examine them have your evidence

1024
00:39:01,750 --> 00:38:59,680
base go to counter-measure development

1025
00:39:05,670 --> 00:39:01,760
and validate that before you get out of

1026
00:39:10,470 --> 00:39:08,069
a short follow-up there have been uh

1027
00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:10,480
maybe a limited number of humans that

1028
00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:12,320
have been able to fly in space and the

1029
00:39:16,950 --> 00:39:14,640
station's a good platform for i guess

1030
00:39:18,790 --> 00:39:16,960
extended studies and i'm just wondering

1031
00:39:20,310 --> 00:39:18,800
how significant the number of folks

1032
00:39:21,829 --> 00:39:20,320
you've had involved in the studies these

1033
00:39:23,510 --> 00:39:21,839
astronauts

1034
00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:23,520
are and how many more you might need to

1035
00:39:26,870 --> 00:39:24,800
really expand the statistical

1036
00:39:28,870 --> 00:39:26,880
significance of your tests versus maybe

1037
00:39:32,390 --> 00:39:28,880
medical studies on the ground that have

1038
00:39:37,430 --> 00:39:35,190
uh when when you you know obviously the

1039
00:39:39,670 --> 00:39:37,440
subject and is is always a challenge for

1040
00:39:40,950 --> 00:39:39,680
all of us uh from the research side and

1041
00:39:43,109 --> 00:39:40,960
and you're absolutely right one of the

1042
00:39:44,870 --> 00:39:43,119
things that that you see in typical

1043
00:39:46,950 --> 00:39:44,880
clinical studies is you know ends of

1044
00:39:48,150 --> 00:39:46,960
hundreds and thousands and and that type

1045
00:39:50,550 --> 00:39:48,160
of thing

1046
00:39:51,670 --> 00:39:50,560
you know i think one advantage you have

1047
00:39:54,950 --> 00:39:51,680
in some of the things that you're

1048
00:39:56,470 --> 00:39:54,960
looking at on space station is here on

1049
00:39:59,190 --> 00:39:56,480
the ground you tend to be looking at

1050
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,200
things where your it's a very wide

1051
00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:03,829
population that you're looking at some

1052
00:40:07,990 --> 00:40:05,760
sometimes subtle events in

1053
00:40:10,230 --> 00:40:08,000
and for most part what we're looking at

1054
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:10,240
on on our station crew members are some

1055
00:40:13,270 --> 00:40:11,920
relatively major events that turn on

1056
00:40:15,750 --> 00:40:13,280
like clockwork like the bone

1057
00:40:17,510 --> 00:40:15,760
demoralization and such if you look here

1058
00:40:19,510 --> 00:40:17,520
on the ground you have people who do

1059
00:40:21,430 --> 00:40:19,520
that people who don't do that and that

1060
00:40:22,950 --> 00:40:21,440
type of thing we have a population of

1061
00:40:25,670 --> 00:40:22,960
very healthy people we put them on orbit

1062
00:40:27,109 --> 00:40:25,680
and everybody starts losing bone and so

1063
00:40:29,430 --> 00:40:27,119
kind of our problem is a little bit

1064
00:40:32,069 --> 00:40:29,440
different and and to be able to get to

1065
00:40:33,510 --> 00:40:32,079
an end level that provides a confidence

1066
00:40:35,829 --> 00:40:33,520
that you understand that problem and

1067
00:40:37,109 --> 00:40:35,839
also can address it is is a different

1068
00:40:38,870 --> 00:40:37,119
type of problem than you have in some of

1069
00:40:40,309 --> 00:40:38,880
the clinical assets and i think we have

1070
00:40:42,069 --> 00:40:40,319
uh sort of a

1071
00:40:44,069 --> 00:40:42,079
an adequate plan to get us to an end to

1072
00:40:47,109 --> 00:40:44,079
solve solve the majority of those issues

1073
00:40:48,390 --> 00:40:47,119
scott yeah i had to go through just that

1074
00:40:50,230 --> 00:40:48,400
just that challenge because many of the

1075
00:40:51,750 --> 00:40:50,240
ultrasound techniques said for a

1076
00:40:53,990 --> 00:40:51,760
collapsed lung for instance that they

1077
00:40:58,069 --> 00:40:54,000
had not been done before and so what we

1078
00:40:59,430 --> 00:40:58,079
did was had an n of 500 in a in my large

1079
00:41:02,069 --> 00:40:59,440
large hospital that showed yeah it

1080
00:41:05,190 --> 00:41:02,079
seemed seems to work okay then we took

1081
00:41:07,349 --> 00:41:05,200
that as almost observationally to the

1082
00:41:08,550 --> 00:41:07,359
international national space station i

1083
00:41:11,589 --> 00:41:08,560
think that that's what we will have

1084
00:41:13,589 --> 00:41:11,599
we'll never get a large end

1085
00:41:16,069 --> 00:41:13,599
in in space research

1086
00:41:18,950 --> 00:41:16,079
except for more basic processes i was

1087
00:41:21,510 --> 00:41:18,960
honored enough to sit on the the last

1088
00:41:23,510 --> 00:41:21,520
nih panel which was now choosing the

1089
00:41:25,270 --> 00:41:23,520
next basic science that's going to fly

1090
00:41:28,069 --> 00:41:25,280
on station and in all of those

1091
00:41:29,910 --> 00:41:28,079
experiments statistical relevance was a

1092
00:41:31,510 --> 00:41:29,920
strong consideration so the ends you'll

1093
00:41:36,309 --> 00:41:31,520
see in more basic things are

1094
00:41:40,069 --> 00:41:38,309
andrew rennie from southern fm in

1095
00:41:42,069 --> 00:41:40,079
melbourne australia

1096
00:41:43,990 --> 00:41:42,079
a question to mark please

1097
00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:44,000
without the shuttle

1098
00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:46,960
will the european space agency's atv and

1099
00:41:53,430 --> 00:41:50,800
japan's htv be sufficient to loft all

1100
00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:53,440
the experiments to iss and a follow-up

1101
00:41:57,030 --> 00:41:54,960
question

1102
00:41:58,550 --> 00:41:57,040
and what about returning materials from

1103
00:42:00,829 --> 00:41:58,560
the space station will you have enough

1104
00:42:03,190 --> 00:42:00,839
capacity for the completed

1105
00:42:05,670 --> 00:42:03,200
science yeah no those are excellent

1106
00:42:07,589 --> 00:42:05,680
questions uh first you probably heard

1107
00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:07,599
the analogy that the shuttle is like a

1108
00:42:13,270 --> 00:42:11,200
16-wheeler it's it's much more capacity

1109
00:42:14,950 --> 00:42:13,280
than we would ever need to operate and

1110
00:42:17,270 --> 00:42:14,960
maintain the space station conduct the

1111
00:42:19,190 --> 00:42:17,280
research program over the next decade so

1112
00:42:21,990 --> 00:42:19,200
we have this combination of our partner

1113
00:42:23,589 --> 00:42:22,000
vehicles as well as the contracts that

1114
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:23,599
we put in place here in the united

1115
00:42:27,030 --> 00:42:25,920
states for commercial vehicles that will

1116
00:42:29,589 --> 00:42:27,040
be

1117
00:42:30,950 --> 00:42:29,599
providing cargo resupply and return

1118
00:42:32,710 --> 00:42:30,960
services

1119
00:42:33,829 --> 00:42:32,720
to us over the next decade those are

1120
00:42:35,990 --> 00:42:33,839
going to be demonstrated the

1121
00:42:37,829 --> 00:42:36,000
demonstrations begin next year and over

1122
00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:37,839
the 2011

1123
00:42:42,230 --> 00:42:40,240
2012 period we'll see these commercial

1124
00:42:45,589 --> 00:42:42,240
capabilities come on orbit

1125
00:42:47,270 --> 00:42:45,599
if those capabilities were delayed

1126
00:42:49,190 --> 00:42:47,280
the resources available from our

1127
00:42:51,829 --> 00:42:49,200
partners are sufficient to operate and

1128
00:42:54,630 --> 00:42:51,839
maintain the spacecraft and to carry on

1129
00:42:57,109 --> 00:42:54,640
our mission requirements at nasa but we

1130
00:42:59,270 --> 00:42:57,119
would we would delay a full up

1131
00:43:01,270 --> 00:42:59,280
utilization of the station

1132
00:43:03,589 --> 00:43:01,280
if those cargo resupply services were

1133
00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:03,599
delayed but we're confident that within

1134
00:43:08,390 --> 00:43:04,880
the next one to two years we're going to

1135
00:43:09,829 --> 00:43:08,400
begin seeing those demonstrations

1136
00:43:11,910 --> 00:43:09,839
and one of those

1137
00:43:15,190 --> 00:43:11,920
resupply contractors has a return

1138
00:43:18,870 --> 00:43:16,710
right here in the front

1139
00:43:21,270 --> 00:43:18,880
hi ken kramer for space flight magazine

1140
00:43:23,190 --> 00:43:21,280
question for scott um can you tell us

1141
00:43:24,870 --> 00:43:23,200
the ultrasound have you actually the

1142
00:43:27,510 --> 00:43:24,880
astronauts actually diagnosed any

1143
00:43:30,309 --> 00:43:27,520
injuries even minor ones at all and you

1144
00:43:31,829 --> 00:43:30,319
mentioned the pharmaceuticals to to

1145
00:43:33,990 --> 00:43:31,839
uh as a counter measure for the

1146
00:43:36,470 --> 00:43:34,000
radiation can you mention a few specific

1147
00:43:38,309 --> 00:43:36,480
pharmaceuticals you would try yeah

1148
00:43:41,349 --> 00:43:38,319
uh let me let me first

1149
00:43:42,470 --> 00:43:41,359
do the easier one the the astronauts our

1150
00:43:45,430 --> 00:43:42,480
uh

1151
00:43:48,550 --> 00:43:45,440
our experiments were not based on

1152
00:43:51,349 --> 00:43:48,560
injury uh injury diagnosis in that that

1153
00:43:53,270 --> 00:43:51,359
said they found some interesting things

1154
00:43:55,430 --> 00:43:53,280
in each other that the

1155
00:43:56,230 --> 00:43:55,440
crew confidentiality won't let me get

1156
00:43:58,710 --> 00:43:56,240
into

1157
00:44:00,790 --> 00:43:58,720
i am confident that if they had

1158
00:44:03,109 --> 00:44:00,800
anything more substantive they would be

1159
00:44:05,349 --> 00:44:03,119
able to pick it up since they were

1160
00:44:08,150 --> 00:44:05,359
virtually performing autonomously by the

1161
00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:08,160
end of end of their six six-month stents

1162
00:44:11,829 --> 00:44:09,760
out there i was talking more

1163
00:44:14,870 --> 00:44:11,839
theoretically reli as a molecular

1164
00:44:17,670 --> 00:44:14,880
biologist about uh protective mechanisms

1165
00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:17,680
for radiation we're not quite there yet

1166
00:44:20,309 --> 00:44:18,880
but

1167
00:44:22,069 --> 00:44:20,319
there there are some interesting

1168
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:22,079
developments coming coming down the pike

1169
00:44:25,829 --> 00:44:23,200
and i think by the time we're

1170
00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:25,839
contemplating a long duration

1171
00:44:30,150 --> 00:44:27,920
mission either to back to moon or to

1172
00:44:31,589 --> 00:44:30,160
mars that we will have some cocktails

1173
00:44:33,030 --> 00:44:31,599
that will be able to provide some

1174
00:44:34,870 --> 00:44:33,040
protection

1175
00:44:41,990 --> 00:44:34,880
james dean you have a question

1176
00:44:45,670 --> 00:44:44,309
james dean from florida today for mark

1177
00:44:47,270 --> 00:44:45,680
you're talking about a

1178
00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:47,280
increased interest level from

1179
00:44:51,670 --> 00:44:50,720
researchers based on a shuttle extension

1180
00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:51,680
for

1181
00:44:56,790 --> 00:44:54,800
studies that would take a longer period

1182
00:44:59,109 --> 00:44:56,800
of time obviously i'm just curious is

1183
00:45:00,790 --> 00:44:59,119
there a limit of how long any given

1184
00:45:03,030 --> 00:45:00,800
experiment can

1185
00:45:05,829 --> 00:45:03,040
occupy room on the station

1186
00:45:08,390 --> 00:45:05,839
and uh i'll follow up thanks

1187
00:45:10,470 --> 00:45:08,400
yeah and and uh it's on the basis of the

1188
00:45:12,630 --> 00:45:10,480
station extension not the shuttle

1189
00:45:14,870 --> 00:45:12,640
uh on the basis of the station extension

1190
00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:14,880
it's not so much a single experiment

1191
00:45:19,109 --> 00:45:16,560
that requires a 10-year period of

1192
00:45:21,270 --> 00:45:19,119
performance as it as it is being able to

1193
00:45:22,870 --> 00:45:21,280
conduct a research program over a

1194
00:45:24,069 --> 00:45:22,880
10-year period that allows you to

1195
00:45:26,230 --> 00:45:24,079
revisit

1196
00:45:27,990 --> 00:45:26,240
and and do the necessary follow-on

1197
00:45:29,750 --> 00:45:28,000
investigations that get you down to the

1198
00:45:31,990 --> 00:45:29,760
details necessary to reach your

1199
00:45:33,109 --> 00:45:32,000
scientific objective that's not done

1200
00:45:35,510 --> 00:45:33,119
quickly

1201
00:45:36,790 --> 00:45:35,520
typically a 10-year horizon is not

1202
00:45:39,030 --> 00:45:36,800
unusual

1203
00:45:41,430 --> 00:45:39,040
to develop a new application

1204
00:45:45,270 --> 00:45:41,440
from a basic research finding in fact

1205
00:45:47,589 --> 00:45:45,280
some of them are as long as 40 years

1206
00:45:50,390 --> 00:45:47,599
will a decade be sufficient we believe

1207
00:45:52,230 --> 00:45:50,400
that in a decade given the

1208
00:45:53,190 --> 00:45:52,240
capabilities that we have with this

1209
00:45:55,510 --> 00:45:53,200
vehicle

1210
00:45:57,750 --> 00:45:55,520
and the emerging transportation systems

1211
00:45:59,270 --> 00:45:57,760
to service it that we'll be able to

1212
00:46:01,190 --> 00:45:59,280
demonstrate enough competitive

1213
00:46:03,030 --> 00:46:01,200
advantages of this environment that

1214
00:46:05,109 --> 00:46:03,040
we're not worried at this point about

1215
00:46:07,270 --> 00:46:05,119
what happens after 2010 we think the

1216
00:46:09,670 --> 00:46:07,280
evidence we present will drive what

1217
00:46:12,309 --> 00:46:09,680
happens

1218
00:46:14,630 --> 00:46:12,319
and also just curious in terms of how

1219
00:46:16,069 --> 00:46:14,640
you're planning out what experiments get

1220
00:46:18,470 --> 00:46:16,079
to fly when

1221
00:46:19,829 --> 00:46:18,480
um is that something are you do you look

1222
00:46:21,910 --> 00:46:19,839
a few missions ahead are you looking

1223
00:46:24,150 --> 00:46:21,920
years out are you looking even beyond

1224
00:46:26,309 --> 00:46:24,160
2015 how how locked in are things now

1225
00:46:27,109 --> 00:46:26,319
how fluid is it to decide what flies

1226
00:46:29,030 --> 00:46:27,119
when

1227
00:46:30,790 --> 00:46:29,040
at the international level with our

1228
00:46:32,710 --> 00:46:30,800
partners we have a five-year planning

1229
00:46:34,870 --> 00:46:32,720
horizon

1230
00:46:37,030 --> 00:46:34,880
we then step back and we have a two-year

1231
00:46:39,349 --> 00:46:37,040
planning horizon for the more detailed

1232
00:46:41,910 --> 00:46:39,359
or what we call the tactical level of

1233
00:46:43,589 --> 00:46:41,920
scheduling a package on this flight

1234
00:46:44,870 --> 00:46:43,599
versus this flight versus the other

1235
00:46:46,790 --> 00:46:44,880
flight

1236
00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:46,800
it's it's a pretty detailed planning

1237
00:46:50,950 --> 00:46:48,640
process because it's highly optimized

1238
00:46:53,349 --> 00:46:50,960
first across the partnership and then

1239
00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:53,359
within any single partners planned

1240
00:46:57,030 --> 00:46:54,960
research

1241
00:46:58,870 --> 00:46:57,040
and the ability to bring in new science

1242
00:47:02,309 --> 00:46:58,880
at any step in that way is always

1243
00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:02,319
preserved and we don't allocate 100

1244
00:47:06,630 --> 00:47:04,640
of our available resources we we do

1245
00:47:09,109 --> 00:47:06,640
announcements and then we re-announce

1246
00:47:11,030 --> 00:47:09,119
two or three years later so that we can

1247
00:47:13,510 --> 00:47:11,040
have the freshest research ideas at any

1248
00:47:14,870 --> 00:47:13,520
given point in time

1249
00:47:16,390 --> 00:47:14,880
we have time for one more question

1250
00:47:19,750 --> 00:47:16,400
anymore

1251
00:47:24,390 --> 00:47:22,630
uh yes you mentioned the um ken kramer

1252
00:47:26,549 --> 00:47:24,400
for space flight magazine you mentioned

1253
00:47:28,950 --> 00:47:26,559
the radiation experiment can you tell us

1254
00:47:32,230 --> 00:47:28,960
what you have measured um has any

1255
00:47:34,470 --> 00:47:32,240
surprises have you found any leaks

1256
00:47:37,510 --> 00:47:34,480
inside kibo

1257
00:47:40,630 --> 00:47:37,520
okay so uh we started the radiation

1258
00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:40,640
monitoring since the kibo operation one

1259
00:47:45,349 --> 00:47:42,640
and a half years ago

1260
00:47:46,710 --> 00:47:45,359
our radiation monitor

1261
00:47:48,950 --> 00:47:46,720
is usually

1262
00:47:50,549 --> 00:47:48,960
back to the us

1263
00:47:51,750 --> 00:47:50,559
every half year

1264
00:47:53,910 --> 00:47:51,760
and

1265
00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:53,920
it's a passive dosimeter so

1266
00:47:56,710 --> 00:47:54,720
we

1267
00:47:59,270 --> 00:47:56,720
measure the energy

1268
00:48:03,750 --> 00:47:59,280
uh and uh

1269
00:48:05,270 --> 00:48:03,760
particular uh ion energy and

1270
00:48:08,790 --> 00:48:05,280
the current tree

1271
00:48:09,990 --> 00:48:08,800
we in the past we expected the uh

1272
00:48:14,309 --> 00:48:10,000
solar

1273
00:48:16,790 --> 00:48:14,319
activity it's a about uh 11 year cycle

1274
00:48:18,870 --> 00:48:16,800
and we expected uh we will have much

1275
00:48:21,910 --> 00:48:18,880
more uh variation in

1276
00:48:25,109 --> 00:48:21,920
the past past one year however uh the

1277
00:48:28,870 --> 00:48:25,119
result is uh the solar uh system is a

1278
00:48:32,230 --> 00:48:28,880
little bit quiet uh compared to the uh

1279
00:48:33,589 --> 00:48:32,240
uh expectation uh we are a little bit

1280
00:48:36,630 --> 00:48:33,599
less

1281
00:48:39,589 --> 00:48:36,640
radiation dose in the past one year but

1282
00:48:41,910 --> 00:48:39,599
it's not a surprising result because uh

1283
00:48:44,150 --> 00:48:41,920
this is observed in the various

1284
00:48:46,309 --> 00:48:44,160
different uh

1285
00:48:47,270 --> 00:48:46,319
astronomy or satellite

1286
00:48:49,670 --> 00:48:47,280
so

1287
00:48:51,589 --> 00:48:49,680
at this moment we have no uh

1288
00:48:53,109 --> 00:48:51,599
uh surprising

1289
00:48:59,589 --> 00:48:53,119
uh

1290
00:49:01,270 --> 00:48:59,599
inside radiation dose inside the gym and

1291
00:49:03,109 --> 00:49:01,280
uh we believe uh

1292
00:49:04,549 --> 00:49:03,119
the gem itself

1293
00:49:05,910 --> 00:49:04,559
performed

1294
00:49:08,230 --> 00:49:05,920
expected

1295
00:49:11,270 --> 00:49:08,240
protection of the radiation for crew

1296
00:49:12,630 --> 00:49:11,280
members and

1297
00:49:16,790 --> 00:49:12,640
we can

1298
00:49:19,349 --> 00:49:16,800
safely learning the gem module with the

1299
00:49:22,470 --> 00:49:19,359
astronauts at this moment

1300
00:49:24,470 --> 00:49:22,480
and we continue to this measurement

1301
00:49:26,150 --> 00:49:24,480
as long as we can

1302
00:49:29,109 --> 00:49:26,160
operate the gem

1303
00:49:35,190 --> 00:49:31,829
to compile the data this data will be

1304
00:49:38,630 --> 00:49:35,200
available on the website uh

1305
00:49:39,990 --> 00:49:38,640
of jaxa website so uh i think you can

1306
00:49:41,190 --> 00:49:40,000
see the

1307
00:49:42,390 --> 00:49:41,200
radiation

1308
00:49:47,670 --> 00:49:42,400
uh

1309
00:49:50,870 --> 00:49:49,349
okay thank you that's going to conclude

1310
00:49:52,549 --> 00:49:50,880
the first part of today's science and

1311
00:49:55,190 --> 00:49:52,559
technology briefing we're going to take

1312
00:49:58,710 --> 00:49:55,200
a five-minute break so around uh well at

1313
00:50:01,109 --> 00:49:58,720
1205 or excuse me 205

1314
00:50:02,710 --> 00:50:01,119
eastern time we'll get started with the

1315
00:50:04,870 --> 00:50:02,720
part two which is uh commercial

1316
00:50:06,549 --> 00:50:04,880
partnerships i hope you'll join us for

1317
00:50:08,390 --> 00:50:06,559
all this information you heard

1318
00:50:09,670 --> 00:50:08,400
and much more on space station science

1319
00:50:10,630 --> 00:50:09,680
visit us on the web

1320
00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:10,640
at